The new docuseries “Patagonia: Life on the Edge of the World” explores one of the wildest places on Earth. Catch the latest episode at 9 p.m. ET/PT Sunday on CNN.
CNN —There’s just something about penguins – and for the scientists and conservationists who work with Patagonia’s flightless marine birds, it’s usually love at first sight.
Marine biologist Andrea Raya Rey decided on her career at age 10. As an animal lover who wanted to study the unique behaviors of creatures, she would find herself staring out at the sea for hours on end, watching dolphins frolic in the waves through her binoculars.
As an undergraduate student, she began studying dolphins in the wild and in the far south region of Argentina, she also found seabirds.
“When I met the penguins in person, I loved them,” said Rey, a researcher at the National Scientific and Technical Research Council in Tierra del Fuego. “And I can’t stop loving them.”
Marine biologist Andrea Raya Rey sits with gentoo penguins at Estancia Harberton in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Santiago CabralLike dolphins, penguins are excellent divers and speedy swimmers. By studying the marine birds, Rey realized she could gain a better understanding of the ocean.
Along Patagonia’s edge at the southern tip of South America, different populations of penguins act as beacons for how ecosystems are responding to the climate crisis.
leopard seals patagonia origseriesfilms_00003620.png videoPenguins come on land to breed and nest, but they also spend a lot of time in the ocean, foraging for food.
Rey has studied their swimming behaviors, like where penguins go to forage and what they feed on, as well as the demographics of penguin populations. Together, this data creates parameters to help biologists understand how penguins are reacting to the changing environment around them.
“It’s the perfect animal to get to know the ocean better,” Rey said. “It’s like an early alert for how the ocean is suffering. All the marine environment threats are threats for penguins, too, like climate change, pollution, shipping, oil exploration and exploitation.”
The Valdivian temperate rainforest in southern Chile is home to this peculiar predator: the kodkod. Now threatened with extinction, the wild cat is so elusive, some call it the ghost of the forest. Christiaan Muñoz Salas 
Fjords and mountains in Chile's Corcovado Gulf. Enrique Haag Rodriguez 
The monito del monte, seen here at Chile's Bosque San Martín Experimental Station, is a tiny marsupial, raising its young in pouches like koalas and kangaroos. It's the only creature in South America to hibernate, and when it enters this state, it breathes once every 3 minutes. Its amazing ability to survive the winter could help scientists better understand the metabolism of humans. Christiaan Muñoz Salas 
This pod of orcas off the coast of Estancia el Pedral in Argentina targets unsuspecting seals and sea lion pups. The orcas have developed a remarkable technique. They beach themselves, snap up their meal and then expertly maneuver back into the sea. They are one of only two orca families in the world to catch prey in this way. Santiago Sainz-Trápaga/Kevin Zao 
In Patagonia, marine otters known as chungungo live along the rocky coastline. Until a few decades ago, the chungungo were seen as pests and almost hunted to extinction. Their fur was a valuable prize. However, their numbers are recovering as the local fishing community has a change of heart. Elijah Harris 
Found only along Chile's Corcovado Gulf, the Chilean dolphin is one of the smallest species in the world. Little is known about these dolphins, but their distinctive round fins and white bellies make them easy to recognize. Mauricio Handler 
Pumas are protected across Patagonia's national parks, such as Torres del Paine in Chile, but in the past, ranchers have hunted the animals to protect their sheep and cattle from predators. Elijah Harris 
The ice dragon is one of only a few creatures that can withstand living inside a glacier. Its blood contains a natural antifreeze. The insect eats tiny algae that live in the ice and even other ice dragons in hard times. Its habitat is melting away. CNN Original Series 
The huemul is an incredibly rare South Andean deer. An estimated fewer than 1,500 remain -- just 1% of their former population -- making them one of the rarest mammals on the planet. Conservationists in Chile's Parque Nacional Patagonia follow their movements using radio-tracking collars. Cristobal Santamaria Concha 
Scientist Verena Häussermann has discovered cold-water corals living in a remote fjord in Chile's Corcovado Gulf. It's one of the only places on Earth where these corals can be found in shallow waters. Unlike tropical corals that need sunlight, these depend solely on plankton for survival. The conditions in these waters are naturally acidic and may help scientists figure out how to protect marine life in other parts of the rapidly changing world. Elijah Harris 
Two hooded grebes perform a mating dance in Bajo Caracoles, Argentina. The birds come to breed on lakes on a volcanic plateau 5,000 feet above sea level in the Andes. Found nowhere else on Earth, they're one of South America's rare species -- there's only 750 grebes left in the world. Richard Szkiler 
Edelmiro Pellao harvests seeds from the top of an Araucaria, or a monkey puzzle tree, in Comunidad Mapuche Ruca Choroi in Argentina. The trees grow up to 160 feet (48.8 meters) high. Giant survivors from the Jurassic era more than 145 million years ago, they have outlasted the dinosaurs. Humans -- and parrots -- collect the plant's seeds. Kevin ZaoualiPatagonia's most elusive animals
Prev NextPatagonia’s penguins
Patagonia is home to multiple types of penguins that live across the region’s diverse environments, including gentoo penguins, Magellanic penguins and king penguins.
(From left) A gentoo penguin chick and an adult reunite after a foraging trip. Kevin ZaoualiRey studies the 50 pairs of gentoo penguins that live on south Argentina’s Hammer Island, a harsh and remote place where the only residents are marine birds. She checks on the health of the birds and collects blood samples to make sure the population – considered stable for the time being – remains healthy.
CNN Original SeriesAttaching a small camera to the back of each adult penguin allows Rey to learn more about how they feed when they depart on hours-long foraging trips. The penguins swim for miles and can dive down 200 feet (61 meters) or more during a single food-finding expedition.
Magellanic penguins populate Hammer Island as well as the beaches along Patagonia’s desert coast at El Pedral.
Magellanic penguins walk across the beach at Estancia el Pedral in Punta Ninfas, Argentina. Kevin ZaoualiPollution has been a threat to Magellanic penguins on the desert coast, but conservationists have worked hard to clean up the trash and create a protected area. These efforts allowed the colony to grow from six pairs of penguins to more than 3,000 pairs.
The king penguin is also making an unexpected comeback in Patagonia. Hundreds of thousands of king penguins had once lived in Tierra del Fuego, but European settlers hunted them, wiping out the colony.
King penguins are making a surprising comeback in Patagonia. The original colony had been eliminated by European settlers, who were hunting them for food. Axel PetersonThen, in 2010, king penguins returned to the area. The colony grows and prospers under the watchful eye of local conservationists like Cecilia Durán, founder of the King Penguin Nature Reserve, who has built an enclosure around their breeding grounds and keeps visitors at a safe distance from the penguins.
Tracking populations
While some penguin colonies are growing, the largest ones are decreasing in Patagonia, Rey said. Closely monitoring different penguin groups can reveal if certain types of population interferes with other penguins that are pushed out of their typical environment, like the vulnerable southern rockhopper penguin.
Nest cameras allow researchers to track stressors for penguin colonies, like microplastic pollution or heat waves capable of killing penguin chicks.
A king penguin chick huddles with its colony. Axel PetersonIf penguins disappear from Patagonia, it could cause a huge environmental shift because penguins are top predators in marine food webs and ecosystems, Rey said. Penguins help regulate these food webs, both on land and in the ocean, and their key role can’t be filled by another animal.
Rey studies the colonies by going to the remote environments where the penguins live in the far south. She wants the wild parts of Earth to remain wild. She hopes that humans can live in harmony with animals, rather than causing the stressors that can decrease their populations.
And there’s a kind of peace that comes from studying the penguins who live in isolated places that cars, smartphones and computers can’t reach.
“I really enjoy being in the middle of nowhere just with the penguins in these almost untouched places,” Rey said.
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